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The Britons were the Celtic-speaking people who lived in Britain during and after Roman rule (43 AD – c. 410 AD).
Spoke Brittonic, a Celtic language. They had tribal societies and were influenced by Roman civilization during the Roman occupation. After Rome left (early 400s): Britain was left vulnerable to raids and invasions from Picts (from Scotland), Scots (from Ireland), and Saxons (from northern Europe).
Around 410–450 AD, invited (according to tradition) by local Britons to help defend against invaders—but they stayed and took land for themselves.
The Seven Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms The term Heptarchy (from Greek, meaning “seven rules”) refers to the seven main Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in England during the 5th to 9th centuries:
Settled by the Jutes. Early Christian center. Augustine of Canterbury began converting the English here in 597 AD.
Founded by the South Saxons. A smaller, less influential kingdom.
Founded by the East Saxons. Included modern-day London early on.
One of the most powerful. Eventually unified all of England under "King Alfred the Great" and his successors.
Located in the Midlands. Often fought with Wessex and Northumbria for dominance.
Settled by the Angles. Known for King Edmund, a martyr killed by the Vikings.
In the north, combining Bernicia and Deira. Powerful and culturally rich in the 7th and 8th centuries. Home to monasteries like Lindisfarne and Jarrow.
First major Viking raid: Lindisfarne monastery (793 AD). These Norse raiders came from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, looking for plunder and land.
A massive Viking invasion force. Instead of raiding, they came to conquer and settle. Captured Northumbria, East Anglia, and large parts of Mercia.
Successfully defended Wessex from the Vikings. Famous victory at the Battle of Edington (878) against Guthrum’s Viking army. Established the Danelaw (a Viking-controlled area in eastern England). Reformed military and law, encouraged education, and promoted English identity.
Wessex eventually absorbed other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms and became the core of a unified England. The struggle with the Vikings led to a blending of Anglo-Saxonand Norse culture in areas like language, law, and farming. The Bretons (Celtic Britons) who were not conquered by the Anglo-Saxons fled west into Wales, Cornwall, and across the sea to Brittany in France (hence the name Bretagne).